Docker7530
741 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
741 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# 学习资料
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https://u19tul1sz9g.feishu.cn/docx/WEWJdSzF5oTnwvxHGGAc0Vojnxe?from=from_copylink
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密码：M6923&65
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# 关于 Node 的理解
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| Node.js | Java |
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| --------------- | ----------- |
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| Node.js version | JDK version |
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| V8 Engine | JVM |
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| Npm | Maven |
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| N-API | JNI |
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```
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┌───────────────┐
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│ JS APP │
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└───────▲───────┘
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│
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┌───────┴───────┐
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│ NPM │ ← 包管理 & 生态
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└───────▲───────┘
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│
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┌───────┴───────┐
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│ Node.js │ ← Runtime（API / EventLoop / Libuv）
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└───────▲───────┘
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│
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┌───────┴───────┐
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│ V8 │ ← JS 引擎
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└───────▲───────┘
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│
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操作系统
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```
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## Node.js 版本
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[Node.js](https://nodejs.org/zh-cn/about/previous-releases) 采用固定节奏发布 + LTS 生命周期，每 6 个月发布一个，相当于每年会覆盖一个 LTS。
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# 第一章 开发环境与核心概念
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初始化环境
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```bash
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pnpm create vite@latest basic2 --template react-ts
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```
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所谓的优雅公式：`UI = f(State)`，用户界面仅仅是应用程序状态的一个函数。
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JSX 不是 HTML 而是 JavaScript 的一种特殊语法。我们编写的每一行 JSX 代码最后都会被转换为一个函数：`React.createElement()`
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> 例如：
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> `<h1 className="title">Hello React</h1>`
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> 对应：
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> `React.createElement('h1', { className: 'title' }, 'Hello React')`
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可以使用 `{ }` 在 JSX 中嵌入任何 JavaScript 表达式（变量、数学、函数）。
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关于声明：
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| 关键字 | 作用域 | 重复声明 | 是否可以修改引用 | 推荐场景 |
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| ----------- | ---------------- | ---- | -------- | -------------------------- |
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| **`const`** | 块级作用域 (Block) | 不允许 | 不允许 | **默认使用**，除非变量需要重新赋值 |
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| **`let`** | 块级作用域 (Block) | 不允许 | 允许 | 用于循环变量或需要修改引用的场景 |
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| **`var`** | 函数作用域 (Function) | 允许 | 允许 | **严禁使用** (旧时代的产物，存在变量提升问题) |
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一个组件的返回必须有一个**单一的根元素**，如果返回并列的多个元素，可以嵌套一个 `<div>`，但更好的做法是使用 `Fragment`，语法糖是 `<>`。因 JSX 最终是会被编译为 JavaScript，所以要注意不要产生关键字的冲突。这也是为什么 `class` 在 React 中要写成 `className`，同时时间名要遵循驼峰命名法，例如 `onClick`。
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**导入方式**
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具名导入：
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```
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import { ... } from 'react'
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```
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默认导入：
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```
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import ... from 'react'
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```
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副作用导入：
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```
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import './index.css'
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```
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React 历史写法：
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这里我还是不是很理解 `(prevState) => ({ count: prevState.count + 1 })` 这个的原理，目前的理解是，他可以拿到自己作用域的 count。
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```tsx
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import React from 'react'
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interface CounterState {
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count: number
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}
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class ClassCounter extends React.Component<unknown, CounterState> {
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state = { count: 0 }
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handleClick = () => {
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// this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 })
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this.setState((prevState) => ({ count: prevState.count + 1 }))
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}
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render() {
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>Class Counter</h1>
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<button onClick={this.handleClick}>数字是 {this.state.count}</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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}
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export default ClassCounter
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```
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useState
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我理解就是有了一个动态更新值的作用。
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```tsx
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import { useState } from 'react'
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const FunctionalCounter = () => {
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const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
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const handleClick = () => {
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setCount((prevCount) => prevCount + 1)
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setCount((prevCount) => prevCount + 1)
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}
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console.log(count)
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>Functional Counter</h1>
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<button onClick={handleClick}>数字1是 {count}</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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export default FunctionalCounter
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```
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# 第二章 组件化开发核心
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Props 通信（只读的，子组件不可以进行修改，单向数据流。）
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```tsx
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type Props = {
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name: string
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}
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const PrintNmae = (name: Props) => {
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>Welcome {name.name}</h1>
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</div>
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)
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}
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export default PrintNmae
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```
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普通传参
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```tsx
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<PrintNmae name="John" />
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```
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children 传参，这里 type
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```tsx
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import React from 'react'
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type CardProps = React.PropsWithChildren<{}>
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const Card = ({ children }: CardProps) => {
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return (
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<div
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style={{ border: '1px solid #ccc', padding: '16px', borderRadius: '8px' }}
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>
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{children}
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</div>
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)
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}
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export default Card
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```
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关于 `{ children }: CardProps` 是组件接收一个 props 然后从里边结构出来 children
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类型声明：
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```tsx
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type UserProps = {
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name: string
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age: number
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isVerified: boolean
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hobbies?: string[]
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}
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export const User = (user: UserProps) => {
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const { name, age, isVerified, hobbies } = user
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return (
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<div>
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<h2>{name}</h2>
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<p>Age: {age}</p>
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<p>校验: {isVerified ? '已验证' : '未验证'}</p>
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{hobbies && hobbies.length > 0 && <p>爱好: {hobbies.join(', ')}</p>}
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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关于 TypeScript 定义 Props 类型：
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```tsx
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type UserProps = {
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name: string
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age: number
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isVerified: boolean
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hobbies?: string[]
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}
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export const User = (user: UserProps) => {
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const { name, age, isVerified, hobbies } = user // 这里是解构的意思。
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return (
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<div>
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<h2>{name}</h2>
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<p>Age: {age}</p>
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<p>校验: {isVerified ? '已验证' : '未验证'}</p>
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{hobbies && hobbies.length > 0 && <p>爱好: {hobbies.join(', ')}</p>}
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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事件处理和合成事件系统
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这里相当于把函数当作了 Porps，此时实现了子组件决定函数的调用，但是父组件可以控制状态。
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```tsx
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export const Button = () => {
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const handeClick = () => {
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alert('按钮触发了事件')
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}
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return <button onClick={handeClick}>点击我</button>
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}
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```
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这里我们自己实现一个父子组件函数通信的能力。这里相当于我们自己声明了一个类似 onClick 的子组件。
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```tsx
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type LoginButtonProps = {
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onLogin: () => void
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}
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export const LoginButton = ({ onLogin }: LoginButtonProps) => {
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return <button onClick={onLogin}>登录</button>
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}
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```
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> 这里的时间对象不是原生浏览器对象，是一个合成事件。
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useState
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```tsx
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import { useState } from 'react'
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const Counter = () => {
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const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
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const handelClick = () => {
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setCount(count + 1)
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}
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>Counter</h1>
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<p>Count: {count}</p>
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<button onClick={handelClick}>增加</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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export default Counter
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```
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这里 `setUser` 要用一个新的对象，否则话是不会生效的。
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```tsx
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import { useState } from 'react'
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const ErrorState = () => {
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const [user, setUser] = useState({ name: 'tianzhuo', age: 20 })
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const handelClick = () => {
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setUser({ ...user, age: user.age + 1 })
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}
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>ErrorState</h1>
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<p>Name {user.name}</p>
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<p>Age {user.age}</p>
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<button onClick={handelClick}>Increment Age</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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export default ErrorState
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```
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三元运算符
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```tsx
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import { useState } from 'react'
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export const Login = () => {
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const [isLogin, setIsLogin] = useState(false)
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>{isLogin ? 'Welcome Back!' : 'Please Login'}</h1>
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<button onClick={() => setIsLogin(!isLogin)}>Toggle Login</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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`&&` 标签显示问题
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```tsx
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export const MaillBox = ({ messge }) => {
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>MailBox</h1>
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{messge.length > 0 && <h2>You have {messge.length} unread messages.</h2>}
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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代办
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```tsx
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const todos = [
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{ id: 1, tesx: 'Learn React' },
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{ id: 2, tesx: 'Learn TypeScript' },
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{ id: 3, tesx: 'Build a React App' },
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]
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export const TodoList = () => {
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>Todo List</h1>
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<ul className="li">
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{todos.map((todo) => (
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<li key={todo.id}>{todo.tesx}</li>
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))}
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</ul>
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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## hook 生命周期
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因为 StrictMode 的关系，这里会展示两次挂载。
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同时如果依赖数组如果是空的话，只会渲染一次。
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```tsx
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import { useState, useEffect } from 'react'
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export const UserProfile = ({ userId }) => {
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const [userData, setUserData] = useState(null)
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useEffect(() => {
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console.log('Fetching user data for userId:', userId)
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const timer = setTimeout(() => {
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setUserData({ name: 'John Doe', age: 30 })
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}, 1000)
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return () => {
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clearTimeout(timer)
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console.log('🧹 定时器已清理')
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}
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}, [userId])
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if (!userData) {
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return <div>Loading...</div>
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}
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>User Profile</h1>
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<p>Name: {userData.name}</p>
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<p>Age: {userData.age}</p>
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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hook 的更新
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这里相当与用 useState 触发了依赖数组的更新。只得关注的是每变化的时候，是先执行上一次的 clean。
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```tsx
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import { useState, useEffect } from 'react'
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export const UserProfile = () => {
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const [userId, setUserId] = useState(1) // ← 当前用户ID
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const [userData, setUserData] = useState(null)
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// 模拟不同ID返回不同数据
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const mockUsers = {
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1: { name: '张三', age: 28 },
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2: { name: '李四', age: 35 },
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3: { name: '王五', age: 42 },
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}
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useEffect(() => {
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console.log(`🚀 开始请求 userId: ${userId}`)
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const timer = setTimeout(() => {
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setUserData(mockUsers[userId] || { name: '未知用户', age: 0 })
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console.log(`✅ 数据加载完成！当前用户: ${mockUsers[userId]?.name}`)
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}, 800)
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// 清理函数（StrictMode 会展示）
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return () => {
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console.log(`🧹 清理上一次的定时器 (userId: ${userId})`)
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clearTimeout(timer)
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}
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}, [userId]) // ← 关键！依赖 userId
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if (!userData) {
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return <div>加载中...</div>
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}
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return (
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<div style={{ padding: '20px', border: '1px solid #ccc' }}>
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<h1>用户资料（当前 ID: {userId}）</h1>
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<p>姓名：{userData.name}</p>
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<p>年龄：{userData.age}</p>
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<hr />
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<button onClick={() => setUserId(1)}>切换到张三 (ID=1)</button>
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<button onClick={() => setUserId(2)} style={{ marginLeft: '10px' }}>
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切换到李四 (ID=2)
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</button>
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<button onClick={() => setUserId(3)} style={{ marginLeft: '10px' }}>
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切换到王五 (ID=3)
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</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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hook 常见问题
|
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1. 无限循环
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```tsx
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import { useState, useEffect } from 'react'
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export const BadExample = () => {
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const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
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useEffect(() => {
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console.log(`🔄 Effect 执行了！当前 count = ${count}`)
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// 这里更新了 count，而 count 又是依赖项
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setCount(count + 1) // ← 罪魁祸首！
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}, [count]) // ← 依赖了 count
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return (
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<div style={{ padding: '20px', border: '2px solid red' }}>
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<h1>无限循环演示</h1>
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<p>当前 count: {count}</p>
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<p style={{ color: 'red' }}>看控制台！页面会疯狂卡顿，count 一直加！</p>
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<button onClick={() => setCount(0)}>重置（也没用）</button>
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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2. 忘记放依赖项。
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useRef
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这里放的是 input
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```tsx
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import { useRef, useEffect } from 'react'
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export const RefExample = () => {
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const inputRef = useRef(null)
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useEffect(() => {
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inputRef.current?.focus()
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}, [])
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return (
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<div>
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<h1>useRef 示例：自动聚焦输入框</h1>
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<input ref={inputRef} type="text" placeholder="focus"></input>
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</div>
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)
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}
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```
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动态数据存储
|
||
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||
```tsx
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||
import { useRef, useState, useEffect } from 'react'
|
||
|
||
export const Search = () => {
|
||
const [query, setQuery] = useState('')
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const timeOutRef = useRef(null)
|
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|
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useEffect(() => {
|
||
timeOutRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
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console.log('搜索：', query)
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}, 500)
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return () => {
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console.log('清除上一次的定时器')
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clearTimeout(timeOutRef.current)
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}
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}, [query])
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return (
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<input value={query} onChange={(e) => setQuery(e.target.value)}></input>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 第二部分
|
||
|
||
新老表单
|
||
|
||
```tsx
|
||
export const OldForm = () => {
|
||
const handleSubmit = (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault() // 这里是为了阻止表单提交默认的动作。
|
||
const formData = new FormData(e.target)
|
||
const name = formData.get('name')
|
||
console.log(name)
|
||
}
|
||
return (
|
||
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
|
||
<input type="text" name="name" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
```tsx
|
||
export const NewForm = () => {
|
||
const handleSubmit = async (formdata: FormData) => { // 异步操作
|
||
const name = formdata.get('name')
|
||
console.log(name)
|
||
await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000))
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return (
|
||
<form action={handleSubmit}>
|
||
<input type="text" name="name" />
|
||
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||
</form>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
useActionState，这个我理解其实是一个对历史功能的封装优化。简化了自己需要声明很多的 state。
|
||
|
||
```tsx
|
||
import { useActionState } from 'react'
|
||
|
||
export const UseActionState = ({ productId }) => {
|
||
const addToCart = async (previousState, formData) => {
|
||
const quantity = formData.get('quantity')
|
||
console.log('Added to cart')
|
||
const result = await addToCart1(productId, quantity)
|
||
if (result.success) {
|
||
return { success: true, message: 'Product added to cart successfully!' }
|
||
} else {
|
||
return { success: false, message: 'Failed to add product to cart.' }
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const addToCart1 = (productId, quantity) => {
|
||
return new Promise((resolve) => {
|
||
setTimeout(() => {
|
||
resolve({ success: true })
|
||
}, 1000)
|
||
})
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const [state, submitAction, isPending] = useActionState(addToCart, null)
|
||
|
||
return (
|
||
<form action={submitAction}>
|
||
<input type="number" name="quantity" defaultValue={1} min={1} />
|
||
<button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>
|
||
{isPending ? 'Adding...' : 'Add to Cart'}
|
||
</button>
|
||
{state?.message && <p>{state.message}</p>}
|
||
</form>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
useformState
|
||
|
||
可使用 useFormState 获取父组件的表单状态。
|
||
|
||
```tsx
|
||
import { useFormStatus } from 'react-dom'
|
||
|
||
const SubButton = () => {
|
||
const { pending } = useFormStatus()
|
||
return (
|
||
<button type="subbmit" disabled={pending}>
|
||
{pending ? 'Submitting...' : 'Submit'}
|
||
</button>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
export const NewForm = () => {
|
||
const handeSubmit = async (formData) => {
|
||
const name = formData.get('name')
|
||
console.log('Form submitted with name:', name)
|
||
await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000))
|
||
console.log('Form submission completed')
|
||
}
|
||
return (
|
||
<div>
|
||
<form action={handeSubmit}>
|
||
<input type="text" name="name" />
|
||
<SubButton />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
use
|
||
|
||
这里的一个想法是实现了层级 fallback
|
||
|
||
```tsx
|
||
import React, { Suspense, use } from 'react'
|
||
import { ErrorBoundary } from 'react-error-boundary'
|
||
|
||
function fetchUser() {
|
||
return new Promise<{ name: string }>((resolve, reject) => {
|
||
setTimeout(() => {
|
||
const success = false
|
||
|
||
if (success) {
|
||
resolve({ name: '张三' })
|
||
} else {
|
||
reject(new Error('获取用户失败'))
|
||
}
|
||
}, 2000)
|
||
})
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function UserInfo({ userPromise }: { userPromise: Promise<{ name: string }> }) {
|
||
const user = use(userPromise)
|
||
return <h2>用户名：{user.name}</h2>
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
export default function App() {
|
||
const userPromise = fetchUser()
|
||
|
||
return (
|
||
<ErrorBoundary fallback={<p>加载失败了</p>}>
|
||
<Suspense fallback={<p>用户加载中...</p>}>
|
||
<UserInfo userPromise={userPromise} />
|
||
</Suspense>
|
||
</ErrorBoundary>
|
||
)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
| 模式 | 英文 | 中文 | 类比 | 特点 | SEO |
|
||
| --- | ----------------------- | ----------- | ---------------- | -------------------- | -------- |
|
||
| CSR | Client-Side Rendering | 客户端渲染 | 外卖（现点+等） | 慢启动，但灵活 | ❌ |
|
||
| SSR | Server-Side Rendering | 服务端渲染 | 餐厅现做 | 平衡（快+动态） | ✅ |
|
||
| SSG | Static Site Generation | 静态站点生成 | 预制菜 | 极快，但不灵活 | ✅ |
|
||
| RSC | React Server Components | React 服务端组件 | 后厨分工（部分菜在厨房直接处理） | 组件在服务器执行，不进浏览器，减少 JS | ⚠️（间接有利） |
|
||
|
||
# CSS
|
||
|
||
顶级作用域
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
:root {
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
媒体查询
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
ID 选择器
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
#root
|
||
```
|